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The Queens School Preface Question Rationale Introduction Conditions that slaves worked under in British plantation slavery Description Of the slaves trade as it occurred in Africa,the middle passage and the west Indies Punishments Conclusion Appendix Bibliography What evidence is there to prove that the Africans in the 1655 and 1807 were ill-treated who arrived in the British West Indies? The researchers choose this topic of research because further investigation was needed to be done on the Africans between the hearsays and 1 807 who ere ill-treated.It was comprised in various sectors to arrive to one goal, which was to make a profit on the slaves no matter what. Slavery was nothing to adore because it only wrought bitterness for slaved individuals Jose Marti a poetic philosopher and journalist in one his writing. Hatred slavery inevitable after math. The hinterlands of West Africa was where it started and it followed through with a lot of suffering and peril before finally ending in catastrophe for the planters and initial exculpation for the slaves and slavery was an interesting period in the British west Indian history. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual transmitted diesease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I will educate you about the conditions under which slaves produced the various crops in the British West Indies. The horrible treatments of slaves will be forever engraved in the history books. The obvious effects have been past down to generations and have been expressed through racist evil behaviors. The hatred spread down through generations like wildfires on a hot summer day in a wild bush. The evils of slavery were so major that the half could never have been told. But how all this ill-treatment come to a head, was out of the want for anew labor source in the Sugar Revolution.Planters wanted to invest in free labor and did not care as much about the black workers as they did the work they yielded. This low-cost, high efficiency production, when finally achieved would have made them rich and could even secure their place somewhere in the European aristocracy. Taking the slaves as personal property, planters used and abused them in the most despicable ways possible. The slaves also fought back, but not ever in a British Colony, were slaves successful in a resistant action against planters. When slaves slipped up or fought back, the real wrath of the planters was unleashed. The punishments for certain simple mistakes were horrible and just furthered the already atrocious conditions under which these individuals tried to survive. Spain ruled over most of the islands until around 1655, when the British took over some. The change in power also resulted in a change in-laws, and thus slave laws. The evil had just started since the La Site Parties (Spanish Laws) were more compassionate in their approach to the dealing with the slaves than the police Laws of the British (developed between 1662 and 1705). After the takeover of the islands by the British, the Slave Trade continued until 807.Because of the trade, planters found it easy to replace slaves and thus could treat them anyway they liked. After the trade, the hope of the abolitionists was not made any better as the planters realized that buying was not really important as long as the slaves reproduced, because the children would be property of the planters. The different methods of punishments continued and were upgraded time after time in order to keep slaves in order. Some of these included whipping, being put in the stocks and being put in the plantations hospital.Slave revolts and risings were ever anticipated because man simply wasnt made to live without freedom and would generally fight anyone who tries to contravene such a right. In these slaves cases, there were no rights such as freedom which belonged to them, because the color of bond slavery was black. The death rates for black slaves in these islands were higher than birth rates. The decrease averaged about 3 percent per year in Jamaica and 4 percent a year in the smaller islands. The main causes for this were overwork and malnutrition. Slaves worked from sun up to sun down in harsh conditions.They were supervised under demanding masters, who gave them little deiced care. Slaves also had poor living conditions and consequently they contracted many diseases. The diary of slave owner Thomas Thistle wood of Jamaica details the extreme violence against slaves, and constitutes important historical documentation of the conditions for Caribbean slaves. Conditions under which slaves were recruited in West Africa and then shipped to the West Indies were not much different in character from the conditions under which they existed on the sugar plantations.Recruitment promoted inter-tribal jealously, strife and war among Africans encouraged by profit-seeking Europeans. The brutal ruthlessness of the inhuman traffic in human beings was symbolized by the slaves forts and factories with their inevitable barracudas. The misery in Africa was continued in the Atlantic crossing where fears of the unknown death my disease on overcrowded slaves ships and continuous attempts at suicide were among the most outstanding features. Conditions under which slaves lived and worked were harsh.They labored unremittingly with inadequate food, clothing, housing and medical care, and with severe restrictions placed on their freedom of movement. Slaves automatically reverted to the bottom of the social research and their inferior position was written into discriminatory legislation. Conditions under slaves existed attracted the attention various groups Of humanitarians in Europe who waited for an end to both the slave trade and slavery. The debates be;en the supporters and opponents of slavery were long and bitter.England the e victory of the opponents of slavery was marked by the abolition of the slaves trade in 1808 and after vain attempt to secure the improvement of harsh slaves conditions by the emancipation o f slaves in 1834. The Middle Passage did not begin with the transatlantic voyage, but with the future and sale of Africans, and ended with their forced adjustment to life in the Americas. It is one of history most horrific chapters, showing the human capacity for both cruelty and insensitivity and strength and survival.It is difficult to calculate the numbers of Africans that were transported; estimates have ranged from five million to 30 million. Further millions died during capture and on the journey across the Atlantic. History has seen few social disruptions on such a scale. Africans being forced below deck before transportation to the Caribbean and Americas. O Anti-Slavery International The voyage itself took between 6 and 8 weeks. The enslaved Africans were chained together by the hand and the foot, and packed into the smallest places where there was barely enough room to lie on ones side.It was here that they ate, slept, urinated, defecated, gave birth, went insane and died. They had no idea where they were going, or what was going to happen to them. Through all this misery and suffering, new African identities were created, forming a basis for a new transnational culture. Within these ships, Africans from different countries, regions, cultures and with different engages learned to communicate with each other; many conspired to overthrow their captors together.British eyewitness accounts were used to support the anti-slavery campaign. Alexander Balconied, a former slave ships surgeon wrote his Account of Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa in 1 788 which described the loss of life, the state of the holds below deck, and how some severely depressed Africans willed themselves to die: A woman was dejected from t he moment she came on board, and refused both food and medicine; being asked by the interpreter what she wanted, she replied nothing but to die, and she did IEEE. View of the Deck of the Slave Ship Alfonzo by Lieutenant Francis Emanuel, 1846 0 The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record fife aboard the slave ships The life aboard the slave ships was generally hard and brutal. The slaves were stripped of every bit of dignity they had, and were subject to ill-treatment and punishment. The slaves were stowed below deck barely being able to move, and a lack of ventilation and sanitation facilities made the living conditions nearly unbearable.Taken from their homeland Slavery did exist long before the arrival of the Europeans; however the benefiting of slavery in Africa was very different from the European and American. In Africa slaves were generally a symbol of honor, and the slaves did have a lot of rights, among these were the right to marry and to own property, and they had normal legal rights. In addition, many of the Africans who were taken from their homeland most likely had extensive skills which were suppresse d when they were taken to America, and when they were forced to do one specific task, not being able to ever put their skills to use.The slaves were subject to brutal treatment with hard labor, lack of respect and beatings. The Middle Passage was the most recognized route in the transatlantic trade. Even though the Middle Passage itself was horrible and the slaves lived under inhuman conditions throughout the entire journey, the biggest threat was not always the journey itself, but the loading of the slaves in the African ports. As soon as the slaves were aboard the slave ships many would fully realize that they were going to be taken far away from their homeland, and violence would often break out even before the ships had left the port.More than once slaves would experience having to wait for the ships to set out towards open sea. Often they had to wait aboard the Slavers for the traders to buy more slaves. Aboard the ships the slaves were forced to live in chains constantly, because of the fear that they would try to escape or urge rebellions if they were allowed to move around freely. Along the African coast African slave traders also built trading post and slave forts, where slaves were kept capti ve, often in dark and filthy dungeons, waiting for the African traders to sell them on to European and American slave traders. Tight packers and loose packers Aboard the slave ships the slaves were stowed below deck like pieces of goods. There were two different ways the captain aboard a slave ship could pack the slaves. The slave ships could either be tight packers or loose packers, depending upon how many slaves were crammed below deck. Whether a slave ship was a tight-packer or a loose packer was generally a question of economy what was most profitable?It was believed that by given the slaves better food, a certain amount Of liberty and more space the death rate, which generally was very high, would go down, and the captain could in fact receive a better price for the slaves in the Caribbean, because the slaves were in a better condition. However, the supporters of tight packing answered by saying that even though the death rate might be a bit lower and that the slaves generally might be at better health upon arriving in the Caribbean on loose packers, tight packing would be more profitable and safer.Sla ves showing signs of starvation and who needed to be fattened up, or with wounds which needed to be hidden, could be fixed In slaves yards before the slaves were offered for sale on slave markets. Tight packers believed that by tight packing they would be more certain of a good profit, because even though a lot Of slaves might IEEE, they still would have more than enough left. The disagreement about which of the methods of packing slaves were the most profitable, continued as long as the trade itself.However, from the 17th century and onwards most slave ships were tight packers. The profit on each slave, no matter the state the slave arrived in, was so high that most captains loaded his ship to its most capacity and became tight packers. In most slave ships the slaves were stowed on shelves which were usually less than half a meter high, and therefore the slaves could not sit up. In some cases they would be stored spoon-fashion on top of each other.The slaves were chained together which further limited their ability to move and any attempt to move would either hurt themselves or others. On some ships the women and children were allowed to move about the slave deck freely, however, the men were as good as always chained. Sometimes the captain could allow some men to be freed from the chains, if they did not seem to pose a threat to the crew. The slaves were sometimes left below deck for days at a time, denied food, drink or any exercise, because of bad weather.The slaves were chained together the right foot of one shackled to the left tot of another or chained to the deck by their neck and legs. They had less than no space to move, and were often so tightly packed that they could not move without touching another slave. When slaves died they were often left where they were, and therefore it was not uncommon to find slaves chained to a dead or dying slave. The slaves mostly lived in ignorance throughout the entire journey. They did not understand why they had been taken from their homeland and they had no idea about where they were headed. In addition they did not understand the slave traders language, and frustration would clearly run high, when heir pleas for information from the slave traders probably would be met with laughter on their behalf. The slaves did not know how long this voyage was going to last if it would ever end and had no idea about what were going to happen to them upon the arrival in their new Country. More than a few thought that the Europeans were cannibals, because they had never see anyone ever return when taken away on a slave ship, and therefore this thought was as natural to many as anything else.Aloud Equation, an African captured as a boy who later wrote an autobiography, recalled: nine I looked mound the ship too and saw a large furnace of copper boiling, and a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, no longer doubted of my fate and quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on th e deck and fainted. I asked if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks, red faces and long hair? As mentioned before slavery did exist in Africa and the slaves taken aboard transatlantic slave ships, might have had knowledge about slavery. However, the slaves could not possibly have had knowledge about or understood the reattempt they were subject to on European and American slave ships. The lack of knowledge together with the cruel and inhuman living condition aboard many slave ships must have been complete torture. Daily routines aboard the slave ships In periods with good weather, the slaves on most slave ships would be brought up on deck in the mornings.Normally the women and children would be allowed to move freely around the deck. The men would be chained together, because it was commonly believed that they would be the ones that would cause violence and resistance. During the day the slaves received two meals the first one was generally early in the mornings. The slaves were normally fed differently depending on where in Africa they had been taken aboard the slave ship. The slave traders believed that the slaves would stay healthier and that they would avoid rebellions if the slaves were given food they were familiar with.Some slaves would be fed boiled rice, millet or cornmeal; others stewed yams, while others again would be fed manic, cassava flour or banana-like fruits. On rare occasion a few pieces of meat would be thrown into the slaves ; food, to keep them healthy. In the afternoons the slaves would be given their second meal of the day. This al normally differed from and was often worse than the first one. The meal usually consisted of horse bean, which are large beans which were used to feed horses. The beans were boiled and served with a mixture of flour, water and palm oil, and Cayenne pepper or other spices were added to conceal the taste of the horse beans. To ensure a good price for the slaves upon arrival in the Caribbean the captain had to keep the slaves in relatively good physical condition, so to achieve this the slaves were danced every morning on deck. The slaves were forced to jump up and down and dance, something which was extremely manful for the men who were still chained together.The dancing was normally accompanied by poundings on an African drum or iron kettle, and sometimes by a fiddle or an African banjo. Rebellions Rebellions and other forms of protest did occur though they were rare, and were usually quickly and easily put down. The slaves, weakened by the lack of food and water and by the terrible condition in which they lived, stood very little chance against the crew which were stronger and had weapons such as rifles and pistols to use against the slave s. A numerous amount of slaves were killed is such riots. The slaves, on the other hand, would make weapons out of their shackles and chains, and other objects they might get their hands on, and attempt to hurt or kill crew members. However, this was very rare and most slaves did not succeed and were killed. SLAVES TRADING AREAS IN WASTEWATER PUNISHMENTS Whenever slaves were accused of doing wrong they were punished either immediately or after their court hearing. In the courts, a slave accused of any crime against a white person was doomed. No testimony could be made by a slave against a white person.Therefore, the slaves side Of the story could never be told in a court of law. And of course, slaves were never members of juries as well. The punishment varied on the type of charge and the zone where they resided (rural or urban). Punishments for disobeying colonialists, (according to data from records kept on numerous plantations) differed between men and women. When male slaves were punished, they received on average 15 to 20 stripes from the driver (slave who was given whip to direct other worker slaves), or by a Jimmy Jumped (a slave randomly appointed by the driver to use the whip).Common punishment for women included varied period of time in the stocks, solitary confinement and even whipping. Whipping was finally abandoned for females in the late 1 asss. The punishment for Caribbean slave women was generally less physically demanding than that of Caribbean slave men. If a planter had a slave who was always running away, he was allowed to fit him with an iron yoke that had three long hooks projecting from it to hinder his future escapes. Some slaves were forced to hide meat in their cabins.If the planter discovered that the slave was stealing food rations, he is directed to cut off the culprits ear or brand the letter S in his/her forehead or cheek. Any enslaved person was put to death if found guilty Of committing serious offences or even suspected of doing so: for example plotting slave risings. The occupational hazards of the work of the slaves were enormous. The men were the main victims, because of the diversity of their occupations, especially in the manufacturing process and transportation.Kuhn (a physician) made a special study of the dangers inherent in the tasks of the field slaves. The heaviest work they had to perform was digging trenches (particularly when the soil was very dry). Hernia and other back problems could be the result. Turning the soil was done with a hoe and caused strong droning in the chest, especially harmful for the women. Pounding coffee and ginning cotton produced clouds of dust, which could lead to damage of the lungs. Furthermore, cotton was ginned on a small machine that had to be propelled by foot: this labor makes the negro stiff.Carrying heavy loads on the back could cause parolees in the groin. Cutting grass and picking weeds was done in an uncomfortable position which in the long run also insults the breast and the arm. The sugar mill was a den of dangers. It was open to two or three sides, so the cool night air had free entry and the heating slaves could catch pneumonia and other respiratory troubles. Some sugar boilers slipped and fell into the hot liker, getting burned horribly.Rowing was a very tiring work that the slaves often had to perform continuously for six or more hours. The only occupation conductive to both physical and mental health was lumbering: the Negroes of the timber grounds distinguish themselves by stronger muscle power and a freer attitude from the rest of the Negro population. Pregnancy was the greatest source of danger for the women, but (as Bloom claimed) not because of the fact that on many plantations they were not pared hard work when expecting.He had observed that on several plantations there is an old habit, that as soon as a woman is pregnant, she does not have to go to work; and on other plantations [there] is a no less old habit, that they may stay in their houses a considerable time after delivery . But one has manifold experiences, that on the plantations where they have to work until the last day of their pregnancy, they suffer from fits or difficult deliveries the least; and that (extraordinary circumstances excepted) they can go back to work four weeks after their delivery. This is in tune with the myth f the easy childbirth, with which African women were supposedly blessed. With experts believing this, it is no wonder that many slave women had a difficult time. The plantation midwives, convinced of their superior knowledge, firmly resisted any interference and many women died promulgate fever due to their lack of hygiene. The Spaniards first tried the native Indians as laborers but when these proved inadequate turned to Negro labor other Europeans at first tried Europeans indentured laborers but when these could not be obtained in sufficient numbers they had recourse to negro Africans also.Negroes were employed as slaves. Slavery had a profound effect upon west Indian society. It led to the emergence of various social groups the whites, the free Negroes and free closured and slaves based on qualities of color wealth and education. Within each group there were further subdivisions. The free Negroes and free closured and slaves occupied inferior social positions and theyre denied equal political and economic privileges to the whites. The living and working conditions of slaves in particular were bad. Food and clothing were inadequate and housing was far below the standards of those longing to the whites.